Published in Journal of Graduate Medical Education, the following systematic review identifies factors associated with well-being, summarizes well-being promotion interventions, and provides a framework for future research efforts. Sleep, time away from work, and factors identified in psychological well-being research — autonomy, building of competence, and strong social relatedness — are associated with resident well-being. Moreover, perseverance is found to be predictive of well-being, and greater well-being is associated with increased empathy. Interventions focused on health and coping skills appear to improve well-being. Based on these findings, the author suggests future research should focus on factors identified in cross-sectional studies, including sleep, coping mechanisms, resident autonomy, building competence, and enhanced social relatedness.