Published in JAMA, this systematic review and meta-analysis, sought to provide a summary estimate of depression or depressive symptom prevalence among resident physicians. Data were extracted from 31 cross-sectional studies (9447 individuals) and 23 longitudinal studies (8113 individuals). Across these studies, the summary estimate of the prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms among resident physicians was 28.8%, ranging from 20.9% to 43.2% depending on the instrument used, and increased with calendar year.