Does the sector of employment affect job-related attitudes and well-being among physicians and which factors mediate the differences? This cross-sectional survey study, published in European Journal of Public Health, finds that private sector physicians had higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment and less psychological distress and sleeping problems. Higher levels of organizational justice, not higher levels of job control, in the private sector acts as a mediator behind positive attitudes and better well-being. Fairness in public health care organizations is advised to possibly increase the attractiveness of public sector employment.