The following study assess differences in the way male and female general surgery residents experience aspects of burnout and well-being, and explore reasons why these differing experiences exist. 7395 resients completed a survey, while 42 faculty and 56 residents conducted semistructured interviews. Themes identified in the qualitative analysis as possible contributory factors to gender differences include a lack of female mentorship/leadership, dual-role responsibilities, gender blindness, and differing pressures and approaches to patient care. Female residents report working more, experiencing certain aspects of burnout more frequently, and having poorer psychological well-being.