This study, published in Work, analyzed and compared the levels of autonomy in male and female hospital physicians in Nordic countries; additionally, it evaluated a possible relationship between autonomy and well-being. While overall autonomy levels are low, male hospital physicians have significantly higher levels of autonomy that female hospital physicians. Furthermore, a positive relationship between autonomy and well-being is found with a stronger effect for female physicians. The study advises that hospital reorganizations ought not increase efficiency at the cost of physician well-being.