The Learning Health System Series
The Learning Health System series assembles insights from the nation’s leading experts and field practitioners to examine the opportunities and the imperative for transformational change in the effectiveness and affordability of health system performance. Each publication and Perspective outlines priority features and strategies to realize impact across all levels of the system.
About
To facilitate progress toward the development of a learning health system — in which science, informatics, incentives, and culture are aligned for continuous improvement and innovation, with best practices seamlessly embedded in the delivery process and new knowledge captured as an integral by-product of the delivery experience — the Leadership Consortium for a Value & Science-Driven Health System has marshaled the insights of the nation’s leading experts to explore in detail the prospects, and the necessity, for transformational change in the fundamental elements of health and health care. The assessments are reported in the following volumes of the Learning Health System Series, published by the National Academies Press.
The Series
An Artificial Intelligence Code of Conduct for Health and Medicine
This publication presents a unifying AI Code of Conduct (AICC) framework developed to align the field around responsible development and application of AI and to catalyze collective action to ensure that the transformative potential of AI in health and medicine is realized. Designed to be applied at every level of decision making—from boardroom to bedside and from innovation labs to reimbursement policies—the publication serves as a blueprint for building trust, protecting patients, and ensuring that innovation benefits people.
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Health and Medicine
The integration of large language models (LLMs) and generative artificial intelligence (AI) in health care holds the potential to transform the practice of medicine, the work and experiences of health care providers, and the health and well-being of patients. This publication explores the transformative potential of generative AI in health care, with a focus on its applications in clinical decision making, administrative efficiency, and patient engagement.
Valuing America’s Health
This publication explores opportunities to transform the current health and health care system to one that promotes whole person and whole population health. The publication emphasizes the need for a bold vision and sustainable financing strategies to prioritize health and well-being for all. Authors of the publication highlight the importance of building a movement to prioritize health, repairing systemic failures, holding stakeholders accountable, controlling health care costs, incentivizing health promotion, adopting collaborative financing and policy-making approaches, and empowering individuals and communities in health decision-making.
Emerging Stronger After COVID-19
The COVID-19 pandemic presented death and devastation—but also an unprecedented opportunity to truly transform U.S. health, health care, and health delivery. The NAM gathered field leaders from across all of the major health system sectors to assess how each sector has responded to the COVID-19 pandemic and the opportunities that exist for health system transformation.
Catalyzing Innovative Health System Transformation
This Special Publication suggests six key priority actions for CMMI centered on signaling, mapping, measuring, modeling, partnering, and demonstrating. These priority actions, coupled with implementation considerations that focus on meaningful and continuous engagement, intersectionality and diversity, and expanding CMMI activities and impact, are intended to assist in aligning, supporting, and informing the implementation of CMMI’s Strategic Refresh.
Sharing Health Data
This Special Publication features some of these novel data sharing collaborations, and has been developed to provide practical context and implementation guidance that is critical to advancing the lessons learned identified in its parent NAM Special Publication, Health Data Sharing: Building a Foundation of Stakeholder Trust. The focus of this publication is to identify and describe exemplar groups to dispel the myth that sharing health data more broadly is impossible and illuminate the innovative approaches that are being taken to make progress in the current environment.
Priorities on the Health Horizon
This Special Publication outlines high-priority emerging issues in health, health care, and biomedical science and technology and offers cross-cutting opportunities to inform and shape PCORI’s strategic planning process to improve the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of the U.S. health care system. Moving forward, building the capacity to continuously improve learning and sharing throughout the system will entail stakeholders working together as seamlessly as possible.
Health Data Sharing to Support Better Outcomes
This Special Publication outlines a number of potentially valuable policy changes and actions that will help drive toward effective, efficient, and ethical data sharing, including more compelling and widespread communication efforts to improve awareness, understanding, and participation in data sharing. Achieving the vision of a learning health system will require eliminating the artificial boundaries that exist today among patient care, health system improvement, and research.
Artificial Intelligence in Health Care
This Special Publication synthesizes current knowledge to offer a reference document for relevant health care stakeholders. It outlines the current and near-term AI solutions; highlights the challenges, limitations, and best practices for AI development, adoption, and maintenance; offers an overview of the legal and regulatory landscape for AI tools designed for health care application; prioritizes the need for equity, inclusion, and a human rights lens for this work; and outlines key considerations for moving forward.
Caring for the Individual Patient
Understanding heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) will allow clinicians to both practice evidence-based medicine and make thoughtful, personalized decisions for each of their patients. The special publication examines approaches to studying HTE, examples of how understanding HTE has led to more personalized care, the perspectives of patients and stakeholders on the benefits and challenges of understanding HTE and implementing clinical programs that take HTE into account.
The Future of Health Services Research
Health services research is “the multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to health care and the quality and cost of health care.” Now is a critical time for the field to articulate its priorities, demonstrate its utility, and transform to meet the needs of a 21st-century health care system.
Procuring Interoperability
Realizing the promise of digital technology will depend on the ability to share information across time and space from multiple devices, sources, systems, and organizations. The major barrier to progress is not technical; rather, it is in the failure of organizational demand and purchasing requirements. Better procurement practices, supported by compatible interoperability platforms and architecture, will allow for better, safer patient care; reduced administrative workload for clinicians; protection from cybersecurity attacks; and significant financial savings across multiple markets.
Effective Care for High-Need Patients
Improving care for high-need patients is not only possible–it also contributes to a more sustainable health system. But progress will take a coordinated effort from policy makers, payers, providers, and researchers, as well as patients and their loved ones.
Vision
The Learning Healthcare System, the first in the series, explores the various dimensions — evidence development and standards, care culture, system design and operation, health data, clinical research, information technology, value — on which emerging insights and scientific advances can be applied for health care in which both evidence development and application flow seamlessly and continuously in the course of care.
The Data Utility
Clinical Data as the Basic Staple of Health Learning: Creating and Protecting a Public Good identifies the transformational prospects for large interoperable clinical and administrative datasets to allow real-time discovery on issues ranging from disease etiology to personalized diagnosis and treatment. Also explored are key priorities for data stewardship if clinical data are to be a carefully nurtured resource for continuous learning and better care.
Evidence
Learning What Works: Infrastructure Required for Comparative Effectiveness Research assesses the nature and magnitude of needed capacity for new knowledge and evidence about what care works best under different circumstances, including the necessary skills and workforce, data linkage and improvement, study coordination and results dissemination, and research methods innovation.
Systems Engineering
Engineering a Learning Healthcare System: A Look at the Future reviews transferable lessons from the systems and operations engineering sciences applicable for improving the organization, structure, and function of the delivery, monitoring and change processes in health care — in effect, engineering approaches to continuous feedback and improvement on quality, safety, knowledge, and value in health care.
Care Complexity
Evidence-Based Medicine and the Changing Nature of Health Care explores the forces, such as genetic insights and increasing care complexity, driving the need for better medical evidence; the challenges with which patients and providers must contend; the need to transform the speed and reliability of new medical evidence; and the legislative and policy changes that could enable evolution of an evidence-based, learning system.
Effectiveness Research
Redesigning the Clinical Effectiveness Research Paradigm: Innovation and Practice-Based Approaches reviews the growing scope and scale of the need for clinical effectiveness research alternatives, the limits of current approaches, the potential for emerging research and data networks, innovative study designs, and new methods of analysis and modeling.
Digital Platform
Digital Infrastructure for the Learning Health System: The Foundation for Continuous Improvement in Health and Health Care explores current efforts and opportunities to accelerate progress in improving health and health care, and identifies priority follow-up action targets: technical innovation; data and research insights; patient and public engagement; and stewardship and governance.
Patients & the Public
Patients Charting the Course: Citizen Engagement and the Learning Health System assesses the prospects for improving health and lowering costs by advancing patient involvement in the elements of a learning health system, and underscores the centrality of communication strategies that account for and engage individual perspectives, needs, preferences, understanding, and support necessary to mobilize change.
Cost & Outcomes
The Healthcare Imperative: Lowering Costs and Improving Outcomes presents a 6-domain framework for understanding and estimating excess healthcare costs: unnecessary services, inefficiently delivered services, excessive administrative costs, prices that are too high, missed prevention opportunities, and medical fraud. Additionally, the volume summarizes estimates of the excessive costs, reviews approaches to their control, and considers ways to reduce health expenditures by 10% within 10 years, without compromising health status or valued innovation.
Data Quality
Digital Data Improvement Priorities for Continuous Learning in Health and Health Care presents the current deficiencies in the reliability, availability, and usability of digital health data and considers strategies, priorities, and responsibilities to address such deficiencies, as the totality of available health data is a crucial resource that should be considered an invaluable public asset in the pursuit of better care, improved health, and lower health care costs.
Core Metrics
Core Measurement Needs for Better Care, Better Health, and Lower Costs: Counting What Counts considers needs, approaches, and metrics most important for tracing progress on care that is better quality, lower cost, and yields better health outcomes, and accounts for factors influencing the implementation of core measure sets, including the data infrastructure, resources, and policies that are needed for the use of core metrics across independent organizations and providers.
Large Simple Trials
Large Simple Trials and Knowledge Generation in a Learning Health System presents the pros and cons of the design characteristics of large simple trials (LSTs), explores the utility of LSTs on the basis of case studies of past successes, and considers the challenges and opportunities for accelerating the use of LSTs in the context of a U.S. clinical trials enterprise.
Value
Value in Health Care: Accounting for Cost, Quality, Safety, Outcomes, and Innovation explores alternative perspectives and approaches for defining, estimating, and attaining value in health care, including case studies on value-enhancing strategies in development—e.g. value-based insurance design, accountable care organizations— and emphasizing the basic need for broad transparency as to cost, quality, and outcomes in care.
Leadership
Leadership Commitments to Improve Value in Healthcare: Finding Common Ground presents discussions of opportunity statements from those in key health stakeholder sectors—patients, clinicians, health organizations, insurers, product manufacturers, employers, government, IT, and researchers—on priority actions they can and will undertake cooperatively to transform quality and value in health care.
Observational Studies
Observational Studies in a Learning Health System reviews leading approaches to observational studies and how to chart the course for the use of this growing utility in the most responsible fashion possible by considering how they can be made more rigorous and internally valid, how to deal with bias, the use of observational studies to generalize findings from randomized controlled trials, and how to evaluate treatment heterogeneity.
Research
As explored in Integrating Research and Practice: Health System Leaders Working Toward High-Value Care, health care has been called one of the most complex sectors of the U.S. economy. Driven largely by robust innovation in treatments and interventions, this complexity has created an increased need for evidence about what works best for whom in order to inform decisions that lead to safe, efficient, effective, and affordable care. As health care becomes more digital, clinical datasets are becoming larger and more numerous.
Partnering with Patients
Empowering patients and families to become active partners in their health care — not merely passive participants — is a critical step on the road to achieving the best care at lower cost. Yet the changes necessary to transform the patient role are significant. Encouraging patient engagement in care decisions, value, and research is crucial to achieving better care, improved health, and lower health care costs. This publication details discussions during the February 2013 IOM workshop, sponsored by the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and the Blue Shield of California Foundation.
Consensus Reports
Best Care
Best Care at Lower Cost: The Path to Continuously Learning Health Care in America explores the central challenges to health care today and identifies three major imperatives for change: the rising complexity of modern health care, unsustainable cost increases, and outcomes below the system’s potential, and points out that emerging tools like computing power, connectivity, team-based care, and systems engineering techniques—tools that were previously unavailable—make the envisioned transition possible, and are already being put to successful use in pioneering health care organizations.
Vital Signs
Vital Signs: Core Metrics for Health and Health Care Progress confronts the challenges of the thousands of measures in use today to assess health and health care in the United States. Although many of these measures provide useful information, their sheer number, as well as their lack of focus, consistency, and organization, limits their overall effectiveness in improving performance of the health system. To achieve better health at lower cost, all stakeholders — including health professionals, payers, policy makers, and members of the public — must be alert to the measures that matter most. What are the core measures that will yield the clearest understanding and focus on better health and well-being for Americans?
Access
According to Transforming Health Care Scheduling and Access: Getting to Now, long waits for treatment are a function of the disjointed manner in which most health systems have evolved to accommodate the needs and the desires of doctors and administrators, rather than those of patients. The result is a health care system that deploys its most valuable resource — highly trained personnel — inefficiently. The report offers preliminary observations about emerging best practices and promising strategies (including virtually immediate engagement), concluding that opportunities exist to implement those practices and strategies, and it presents recommendations for needed approaches, policies, and leadership.
Perspectives
Below are just a sample of the many papers published by members of the NAM Leadership Consortium, organized below by theme. To browse all NAM Perspectives, visit nam.edu/resources/publications/perspectives.
Learning Health System
Trust & Engagement
- Assessing Meaningful Community Engagement: A Conceptual Model to Advance Health Equity through Transformed Systems for Health
- Health Technology for All: An Equity-Based Paradigm Shift Opportunity
- Communicating with Patients on Health Care Evidence
- Core Principles & Values of Effective Team-Based Health Care
- Shared Decision-Making Strategies for Best Care: Patient Decision Aids
- Patients and Health Care Teams Forging Effective Partnerships
- Harnessing Evidence and Experience to Change Culture: A Guiding Framework for Patient and Family Engaged Care
- Community-Based Models of Care Delivery for People with Serious Illness
- Patient and Family Engaged Care: An Essential Element of Health Equity
Evidence & Data
- The Common Rule and Continuous Improvement in Health Care: A Learning Health System Perspective
- Revisiting the Common Rule and Continuous Improvement in Health Care: A Learning Health System Perspective
- Making the Case for Continuous Learning from Routinely Collected Data
- From Pilots to Practice: Speeding the Movement of Successful Pilots to Effective Practice
- Bringing a Systems Approach to Health
- Return on Information: A Standard Model for Assessing Institutional Return on Electronic Health Records
- Social Networking Sites and the Continuously Learning Health System: A Survey
- Integrating Research into Health Care Systems: Executives’ Views
- Generating Knowledge from Best Care: Advancing the Continuously Learning Health System
- Clinician Engagement for Continuous Learning
- Public Health 3.0: A Call to Action for Public Health to Meet the Challenges of the 21st Century
- Individual Patient-Level Data Sharing for Continuous Learning: A Strategy for Trial Data Sharing
Digital Health
- Artificial Intelligence in Health, Health Care, and Biomedical Science: An AI Code of Conduct Principles and Commitments Discussion Draft
- Meeting the Moment: Addressing Barriers and Facilitating Clinical Adoption of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnosis
- The Promise of Digital Health: Then, Now, and the Future
- Innovation and Best Practices in Health Care Scheduling
- Advancing Artificial Intelligence in Health Settings Outside the Hospital and Clinic
Value Incentives and Systems
